The .50 Browning Machine Gun (12.7 × 99 mm NATO) or .50 BMG is an ammunition cartridge developed for the Browning .50 Caliber machine gun in the late 1910s. Entering service officially in 1921, the ammo round is based on a greatly scaled-up .30-'06 cartridge. The ammunition cartridge itself has been made in many variants: multiple generations of regular ball, tracer, armor piercing, incendiary, and saboted sub-caliber ammo rounds. The ammunition cartridges intended for machine guns are linked using metallic links.
The .50 BMG ammunition cartridge is also used in long-range target and sniper rifles, as well as other .50 machine guns. The ammo use in single-shot and semi-automatic rifles has resulted in many specialized match-grade ammunition rounds not used in .50 machine guns. A McMillan TAC-50 .50BMG sniper rifle was used by Canadian Corporal Rob Furlong to bring off the longest-range confirmed sniper kill in history, when he shot a Taliban insurgent at 2,430 metres (2,657 yards/7,972 feet/1.509 miles) during the 2002 campaign in Afghanistan.[1]
The previous record for a confirmed long-distance was set by Marine sniper Carlos Hathcock in 1967, using the same round in an M2 Browning Machine Gun equipped with a telescopic sight. This weapon was used by other snipers, and eventually purpose-built sniper rifles were developed especially for this round. The previous standard for ammunition for sniper rifles was 30-06, but the .50 round is more accurate at extreme range.
A wide variety of ammunition is available, and the availability of match-grade ammunition has increased the usefulness of .50 caliber rifles by allowing more accurate fire than lower quality rounds.
The ammo round was conceptualized during WWI by John Browning in response to a requirement for an anti-aircraft weapon. The ammo round itself is based on a scaled-up .30-06 Springfield design, and the machine gun was based on a scaled-up M1919/M1917 design that Browning had initially developed around 1900 (but which was not adopted by the U.S. military until 1917, hence the model designation). The new heavy machine gun, the Browning M2 .50 caliber machine gun, was used heavily in aircraft, especially during World War II, though its airborne use is limited to helicopters at present. It was and still is used on the ground as well, both vehicle mounted, in fixed fortifications, and on occasion carried by infantry. The incendiary rounds were especially effective against aircraft, as were AP rounds for destroying concrete bunkers, structures, and lighter AFVs.
The development of the .50 BMG ammunition round is sometimes confused with the German 13.2 mm TuF, which was developed by Germany for an anti-tank rifle to combat British tanks during WWI. However, the development of the U.S. .50 ammo round was started before this later German project was completed or even known to the Allied countries. When word of the German anti-tank ammo round spread, there was some debate as to whether it should be copied and used as a base for the new machine gun cartridge. However, after some analysis the German ammunition was ruled out, both because performance was inferior to the modified Springfield .30-06 ammo round and because it was a semi-rimmed cartridge, making it sub-optimal for an automatic weapon. The ammo round's dimensions and ballistic traits are totally different. The M2 would, however, go on to function as an anti-armour machine gun, and decades later, be used in high-powered rifles. The concept of a .50 machine gun was not an invention of this era; this caliber (.50) had been used in Maxim machine guns and in a number of manual machine guns such as the Gatling.
US Military cartridge types
.50 BMG cartridges are also produced commercially with a plethora of different bullets and to a number of different specifications
- Ammunition Cartridge, Caliber .50 BMG, Tracer, M1
- Tracer for observing fire, signaling, target designation, and incendiary purposes. The M1 has a red tip.
- Ammunition Cartridge, Caliber .50 BMG, Incendiary, M1
- This cartridge is used against unarmored, flammable targets. The incendiary bullet has a light blue tip.
- Ammunition Cartridge, Caliber .50 BMG, Ball, M2
- This cartridge is used against personnel and unarmored targets.
- Ammunition Cartridge, Caliber .50 BMG, Armor-Piercing, M2
- This cartridge is used against lightly armored vehicles, protective shelters, and personnel, and can be identified by its black tip.
- Ammunition Cartridge, Caliber .50 BMG, Armor-Piercing-Incendiary, M8
- This cartridge is used, in place of the armor piercing ammunition round, against armored, flammable targets. The bullet is colored with silver tip.
- Ammunition Cartridge, Caliber .50 BMG, Tracer, M10
- Tracer for observing fire, signaling, target designation, and incendiary purposes. Designed to be less intense than the M1, the M10 has an orange tip.
- Ammunition Cartridge, Caliber .50 BMG, Tracer, M17
- Tracer for observing fire, signaling, target designation, and incendiary purposes. Can be fired from the M82/M107 series of rifles.
- Ammunition Cartridge, Caliber .50 BMG, Armor-Piercing-Incendiary-Tracer, M20
- This cartridge is used, in place of the armor piercing round, against armored, flammable targets, with a tracer element for observation purposes. The tip of the bullet is colored red with a ring of aluminum paint. This cartridge is effectively a variant of the M8 Armor-Piercing Incendiary with the added tracer element. Can be fired from the M82/M107 series of rifles.
- Ammunition Cartridge, Caliber .50 BMG, Tracer, Headlight, M21
- Tracer for use in observing fire during air-to-air combat. Designed to be more visible, the M21 is 3 times more brilliant than the M1 tracer.
- Ammunition Cartridge, Caliber .50 BMG, Incendiary, M23
- This cartridge is used against unarmored, flammable targets. The tip of the bullet is painted blue with a light blue ring.
- Ammunition Cartridge, Caliber .50 BMG, Ball, M33
- This cartridge is used against personnel and unarmored targets. Can be fired from the M82/M107 series of rifles.
- Ammunition Cartridge, Caliber .50 BMG, Saboted Light Armor Penetrator, M903
- This is a Saboted Light Armor Penetrator (SLAP) round, which uses a smaller 355-360 grain bullet fitted in an amber colored plastic sabot. For use only in the M2 series of machine guns.
- Ammunition Cartridge, Caliber .50 BMG, Saboted Light Armor Penetrator-Tracer, M962
- Like the M903, this is a Saboted Light Armor Penetrator (SLAP) round, with the only difference being that the M962 also has a tracer element for observing fire, target designation, and incendiary purposes. Uses a red colored plastic sabot for indentification. For use only in the M2 series of machine guns.
- Ammunition Cartridge, Caliber .50 BMG, Ball, XM1022
- A long-range match cartridge specifically designed for long range work using the M107 rifle.
- Ammunition Cartridge, Caliber .50 BMG, Armor-Piercing-Incendiary, Mk 211 Mod 0
- A so-called "combined effects" cartridge, the Mk 211 Mod 0 High-Explosive-Incendiary-Armor-Piercing (HEIAP) cartridge contains a .30 caliber tungsten penetrator, zirconium powder, and Composition A explosive. Cartridge is identified by a green tip with a grey ring, and can be used in any .50 caliber weapon in US inventory with the exception of the M85 machine gun.
- Ammunition Cartridge, Caliber .50 BMG, Armor-Piercing-Incendiary-Tracer, Mk 300 Mod 0
- As with the Mk 211 Mod 0, but with a tracer component. Cartridge is identified by an unknown coloring, and likely can be used in any .50 caliber weapon in US inventory with the exception of the M85 machine gun, as with the Mk 211 Mod 0.
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